What Is Failed State
Failed State
Melisa Urul 139621007
Defining a state with
adjectives such as unsuccessful and powerless is related to the success of
being a nation-state. Each independent state is potentially a candidate to
become a modern nation-state. However, some states cannot fulfill what is
expected of them in realizing this assumed potential. Many different factors
may have caused the state's inability to fulfill its duties. In this article,
we will look at what a failed state is and how a state fails, we will examine
example failed states and see if these states have a return.
So how does a state fail?
FSI assesses government failure at four key levels;
✔ Inability to protect their borders. Losing the monopoly of using
force
✓Failure to make collective decisions
✔Failure to provide public duties properly
✔Having trouble interacting with other members as a full member of the
international community(fundforpeace.org/fsi/frequently asked
questions/what-does-state-fragility.mean/)
In addition, both
quantitative and qualitative measures are often used to measure the degree of
failure of a state. It creates rankings like the State Fragility Index
(SFI), which is published annually by Policy Magazine and consists of 178
states. The FSI and other similar rankings assess each state's weaknesses and
level of development based on four key indexes (social, economic, political and
coherence) consisting of three indicators such as:
Social indicators
- Demographic pressures
(food supply, access to clean water, etc.)
- Refugees or internally
displaced people
- External Intervention
(influence of hidden and overt external actors)
Political indicators
-State legitimacy (government transparency)
-Basic public
services
-Human rights and the
rule of law
Economic indicators
-Economic recession
- Migration of qualified
people from the country to other countries
-Unequal economic
development (such as income inequality)
Compliance
indicators
-Security (resistance to
threats and attacks)
-Separation of state
institutions
-Groupization (divisions
between groups in society)
Qualitative measures of
the failed state
Many qualitative measures
of the failed state evaluate theoretical frameworks, such as Charles Call's
"gap framework". Given that the phenomenon of failed states is a
process, qualitative methods and threatened states are classified according to
various levels of failure. For example, the "stage model" put forward
by the German researcher Ulrich Schneckener considers three key elements in
every state: monopoly of control, legitimacy, and rule of law.
Based on these key
elements, states are considered consolidating, weak or failing, and collapsed
or failing. In stable consolidated states, all basic functions work properly.
In weak states, the state has a monopoly over control, but legitimacy and the
rule of law work problematically. In the failing state, the monopoly of power
has been lost, while the other two essential functions have not yet been lost,
at least. Finally, in the failed state, none of the three basic functions work
properly.
Failed states are widely
seen as dangerous breeding grounds for terrorists, instability,
And decreases in regional
security. An example of a failed state that currently requires intervention in
Afghanistan. Afghanistan was partially ruled by the Taliban. The United States
tried to install leaders and government officials to govern Afghanistan and
prevent it from getting stronger. After the US overthrew the Taliban from
power, the Afghan government was able to maintain the rule of law and rebuild
it. Managing a failed state can be quite difficult, as the US military learned
after operations in Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan. Fixing failed states
promises to be a very complex and violent undertaking. Interventions in various
failed situations are often dissimilar. Another example where interventions
have worked is the mixed results in the Balkans and Chad during the breakup of
Yugoslavia. What we need to see in this example is that "failure can be
avoided." As a result, intervention in failed states and weak states is an
option for policy makers and government officials, and although it has had
limited success continues to be.
For example, Liberia in
the 1990s was a classic example. Ethnic and religious mingling, widespread
poverty, institutional collapse, and propensity for warlordism and violence
endangered the well-being and security of its citizens. This affected the
neighboring state of Sierra Leone. Liberia, the oldest republic in Africa, was
dragged into civil war with the capture of the rural areas and the capital
Monrovia. Too many people died. The 14-year civil war ended in 2003. There was
an election in 2005 and Elaine Johnson-Sirleaf was the leader of Africa. She
became the first female head of state.
The significance of this
event: A successful state-building must overcome at least three challenges.
First, it must build deep political structures and new institutions in the
context of widespread poverty. Second, indigenous leadership and new
institutions must have an important measure of legitimacy. Thus eradicating
corruption is a key target. Finally, successful state-building often requires
outside support, but in some cases, this Aid can become a stumbling block.
Military intervention state-building has its downsides, as in Afghanistan and
Iraq, especially since indigenous leaders and new institutions are in danger of
being seen as serving foreign rather than domestic interests. However, Liberia’s
peace can be fragile and this could be tested when UN peacekeepers withdraw or
President Sirleaf leaves office.
As a result, there are
many criteria by which we can call a state a failure. These criteria can vary
according to sources, and the concept of a failed state is defined in many
different ways because failure is a relative concept. In some cases, failure
can be reversible and the state can be re-established. Sometimes, other states
cannot help a collapsed state, and the state cannot avoid failure. A collapsed
state cannot serve its citizens properly in any field. Events that will disturb
the peace of society can be observed. The state has to go through some ways to
regain its former power, and the power it gains may be temporary, so it is a
difficult process for a state to fail or regain its power.
REFERENCES
Bağbaşlıoğlu,
A. (2018). A FAILED VERSION OF NATION-STATE FICTION. SSS JOURNAL.
Global Policy Forum. (2012, october 1). https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html
adresinden alındı
Heywood, A. (1997). Politics. A. Heywood içinde, Politics
(s. 100).
Kara, B. (2020, October 17). UNGO. https://ungo.com.tr/2020/10/basarisiz-devlet-nedir/
adresinden alındı
Martin, B. (2012, March 30). What are failed
states and why do they fail? Academia: https://www.academia.edu adresinden
alındı
ROTBERG, R. I. (2003). google scholar. Failed
States, Collapsed States:
https://www.brookings.edu/asset/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror_chapter.pdf
adresinden alındı
TUIC AKADEMI. (2014, February 3).
https://www.tuicakademi.org/duskun-devlet-failed-state/ adresinden alındı
Call,
C. T. (2008).“The Fallacy of the ‘Failed States’”, Third World Quarterly,
29(8): 1491-1507.
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